All traditions

Twenty-six living traditions that use psychoactive plants and fungi, each described on its own terms and drawn from published research.

Showing 26 of 26 traditions

  • Basotho psilocybe

    A dung-growing mushroom some healers add to dream brews and carry against lightning curses.

    Southern Africa · Lesotho, South Africa · Practiced today

    Fungus: Psilocybin mushrooms

  • Fang Bwiti iboga

    Iboga, ancestors and the Catholic Mass meet in one of Gabon's official religions.

    Middle Africa · Gabon, Equatorial Guinea · Founded in modern times

    Plant: Iboga

  • Fijian yaqona

    The "water of the land," which binds people to their land, their chiefs and their ancestors.

    Melanesia · Fiji · Practiced today, changed

    Plant: Kava

  • Huni Kuin ayahuasca

    Night-long ceremonies where songs in the language of the ancients steer the visions.

    South America · Brazil, Peru · Practiced today, changed

    Plant: Ayahuasca

  • Jurema Sagrada

    Through smoke and a consecrated trunk, the spirits of past healers return to help the living.

    South America · Brazil · Practiced today, changed

    Plant: Jurema

  • Jurema Toré

    Jurema, a sacred tree and its drink, opens the way to the encantados, who heal, counsel and protect.

    South America · Brazil · Practiced today, changed

    Plant: Jurema

  • Kamëntšá and Inga Borrachero

    Its flowers painted on Sibundoy's walls, borrachero now stands for Kamëntšá cultural revival.

    South America · Colombia · Practiced today, changed

    Plant: Brugmansia (angel's trumpet)

  • Koryak fly agaric

    Greeted with a song, the mushroom spirit answers through family songs and dreams.

    Northern Asia · Russia · Practiced today, changed

    Fungus: Fly agaric

  • Mazatec mushroom velada

    In darkness and silence, the holy mushroom is said to speak, show the truth, and judge.

    Central America · Mexico · Practiced today, changed

    Plants and fungi: Psilocybin mushrooms, Salvia divinorum, Ololiuqui (morning glory seeds)

  • Mazatec salvia

    Leaves that some Mazatecs say must never be burned, cut only after asking the plant's permission.

    Central America · Mexico · Practiced today, changed

    Plant: Salvia divinorum

  • Mestizo ayahuasca

    Healers learn songs and cures from the plants themselves, by keeping the dieta.

    South America · Peru · Practiced today, changed

    Plants: Ayahuasca, Brugmansia (angel's trumpet)

  • Mitsogho Bwiti iboga

    Bwete's trunk: iboga carries the novice to the village of the dead.

    Middle Africa · Gabon · Practiced today, changed

    Plant: Iboga

  • Oaxaca ololiuqui seeds

    The sick drink at night, a woman listens, and the seed speaks.

    Central America · Mexico · Practiced today

    Plant: Ololiuqui (morning glory seeds)

  • Peruvian mesa San Pedro

    Under San Pedro, healers say, the stones and saints on the mesa reveal themselves.

    South America · Peru · Practiced today, changed

    Plant: San Pedro (huachuma)

  • Piaroa yopo snuff

    Yopo is no teacher here: the shaman sees, and the power and responsibility are his.

    South America · Venezuela, Colombia · Practiced today

    Plant: Yopo snuff

  • Santo Daime

    A "musical doctrine" whose hymns, received from the astral, are sung with Daime.

    South America · Brazil · Founded in modern times

    Plant: Ayahuasca

  • Shipibo-Konibo ayahuasca

    Healers say they learn from plants, not people, in long diets alone in the forest.

    South America · Peru · Practiced today, changed

    Plant: Ayahuasca

  • Shuar arutam brugmansia

    After fasting, seekers go to the waterfall to meet Arutam and return stronger, surer of the path ahead.

    South America · Ecuador · Practiced today, changed

    Plants: Brugmansia (angel's trumpet), Ayahuasca

  • Shuar natem ayahuasca

    Shuar healers drink the vine to see and suck out sorcerers' invisible arrows.

    South America · Ecuador · Practiced today, changed

    Plants: Ayahuasca, Brugmansia (angel's trumpet)

  • Tukanoan yajé

    Seasonal rituals that "sweeten" fish and fruit, guided by the Jaguars of Yuruparí

    South America · Colombia, Brazil · Practiced today, changed

    Plants: Ayahuasca, Virola snuff (yãkoana)

  • Vanuatu kava

    Shared in the shell and given as a gift, kava binds families, rivals and ancestors.

    Melanesia · Vanuatu · Practiced today, changed

    Plant: Kava

  • Warao tobacco shamanism

    Tobacco smoke feeds the gods, and three kinds of shaman keep the balance between people and spirits.

    South America · Venezuela, Brazil · Practiced today, changed

    Plant: Tobacco

  • Wixárika hikuri peyote

    Pilgrims walk the ancestors' road to Wirikuta, renewing the journey that keeps the Sun rising.

    Central America · Mexico · Practiced today, changed

    Plant: Peyote

  • Xhosa ubulawu

    A diviner's training led by her dreams, opened by a head of white foam.

    Southern Africa · South Africa · Practiced today, changed

    Plant: Ubulawu dream roots

  • Yanomami yãkoana snuff

    Powder that feeds the xapiri, whom Kopenawa defines in one word: health.

    South America · Brazil, Venezuela · Practiced today, changed

    Plants: Virola snuff (yãkoana), Yopo snuff

  • Zapotec mushroom

    A mushroom that speaks at night, best picked by cheerful, talkative children.

    Central America · Mexico · Practiced today

    Fungus: Psilocybin mushrooms